BRAINFART

You’ve heard of them, but…

Do you really understand them? The sprite is actually one big image. Have you ever seen the CSS technique where the “on” and “off” states of a button are contained within the same image and are activated by shifting the background-position? Think of CSS Sprites as an extension of that technique. The difference is that instead of just two or three images being combined into one, you can combine an unlimited number of images into one.

Why combine all those images?

Isn’t it quicker to have smaller images? No, it’s not! Everybody want to make pages load faster. All that technique did was fool the eye to make it look like the page was loading faster by loading bits and pieces all over at once. Each one of those images is a separate HTTP-Request, and the more of those, the less efficient your page is.

Let’s look at a quote from the article “Performance Research, Part 1: What the 80/20 Rule Tells Us about Reducing HTTP Requests” by Tenni Theurer on the Yahoo! User Interface Blog.

Table 1 shows popular web sites spending between 5% and 38% of the time downloading the HTML document. The other 62% to 95% of the time is spent making HTTP requests to fetch all the components in that HTML document (i.e. images, scripts, and stylesheets). The impact of having many components in the page is exacerbated by the fact that browsers download only two or four components in parallel per hostname, depending on the HTTP version of the response and the user’s browser. Our experience shows that reducing the number of HTTP requests has the biggest impact on reducing response time and is often the easiest performance improvement to make.

Every single image, whether it’s an <img> tag or an background-image from your CSS is a separate HTTP-Request, so you can image how quickly those requests can wrack up.

OK. So how is it done?

Let’s start by showing the BEFORE example. Notice in the CSS below how the anchor tag does not get a background-image, but each individual class does.

#nav li a {background:none no-repeat left center}
#nav li a.item1 {background-image:url('../img/image1.gif')}
#nav li a:hover.item1 {background-image:url('../img/image1_over.gif')}
#nav li a.item2 {background-image:url('../img/image2.gif')}
#nav li a:hover.item2 {background-image:url('../img/image2_over.gif')}
...

Using CSS Sprites, we can really lighten this example up. Instead of having ten separate images for the buttons (five default states and five rollover states), we can literally combine all of them into one big long image. Short instructions: create a new image that is as wide as your widest image and and as tall as the combined height of all your images plus X pixels, where X is the number of images you have. Now place you images into this new image, left aligned, one on top of the other with one pixel of white space in between.

Now check out the AFTER example. Notice in the CSS that there is a single background-image applied to the anchor element itself, and the unique classes merely shift the background position with negative Y coordinates.

#nav li a {background-image:url('../img/image_nav.gif')}
#nav li a.item1 {background-position:0px 0px}
#nav li a:hover.item1 {background-position:0px -72px}
#nav li a.item2 {background-position:0px -143px;}
#nav li a:hover.item2 {background-position:0px -215px;}
...

We were able to reduce the number of HTTP-Requests by 9 and the total file size of the image(s) by 6.5 KB. That’s a pretty huge improvement for such a little example. Imagine what you could do on a full website.

Ugh. That sounds like a lot of work.

It’s really a lot of work but you can try to use some online services. Thanks to a fabulous online service from Website-Performance, combining images into sprites and generating CSS sprite code is super easy.

Simply ZIP all the images you wish to make available as sprites, fill in some basic information about prefixes and offset amounts, and click a button to generate the combined sprite image and CSS code for referencing those sprites.

Read more about CSS sprites at CSS Tricks: “CSS Sprites: What They Are, Why They’re Cool, and How To Use Them“.